As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) "Tianlijiao ", in. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. [6] The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The History of White Lotus Rebellion - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. The rebels are all our own subjects. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). White Lotus Rebellion - Wikiwand 7 Population Milestones for 7 Billion People | Live Science By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. ThoughtCo. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. They are not like some external tribe . You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Kublai Khan Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikipedia The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. dreamhomesoftexas on Instagram: POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Imperial China The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. //Decline and Fall of China Yuan Dynasty Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). "White Lotus Rebellion The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. . https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. Inventions Ming events - Europa Universalis 4 Wiki - Paradox Wikis When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. "[5] The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Updates? In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. //]]>. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. (present perfect, tell). The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan [citation needed]. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories Szczepanski, Kallie. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. And so the war was waged. (February 22, 2023). "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." He simply and quietly disappeared. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. . A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. #ga-ad {display: none;} . Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. As one Qing official complained:[9]. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups.
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